how many slaves were there in 1870

Available for 21 counties: Appling, Baldwin, Camden, Chatham, Clarke, Columbia, Elbert, Emanuel, Hancock, Jefferson, Jones, Liberty, Lincoln, Lumpkin, Morgan, Pulaski, Richmond, Screven, Taliaferro, Thomas, Warren, and Wilkes. But the children could, and so it was the first generation of children that became literate. And slavery spread because enslaved African Americans were forced to migrate. U.S. Coast Survey, Map showing the distribution of the slave population of the southern states of the United States (Washington, DC: Henry S. Graham, 1861). Its not Initially slaves were imported because of a labour shortage, aggravated by the high death rate of the indigenous population after the introduction of European diseases in the early 16th century. Ms. SUSAN CARTER (Editor, "Historical Statistics of the United States"): A lot of these datas that are presented in those five volumes, they were collected and presented here because they answer a question that's relevant to American history today. and 1870, so likely that is where many went. Overview and forecasts on trending topics, Industry and market insights and forecasts, Key figures and rankings about companies and products, Consumer and brand insights and preferences in various industries, Detailed information about political and social topics, All key figures about countries and regions, Market forecast and expert KPIs for 600+ segments in 150+ countries, Insights on consumer attitudes and behavior worldwide, Business information on 70m+ public and private companies, Detailed information for 35,000+ online stores and marketplaces. Free African Americans were almost entirely excluded, in part by an extensive system of patrols, from the majority slave populations of the Deep South. (As a side note, by 1960, 100 years later, the County was not realize that ancestor was also listed as a slaveholder on the slave schedules, because published Another way to locate more information is by using the 1890 veterans schedule if your ancestor was a Civil War soldier. the time of the source, with African American being used otherwise. As for slaves listed in the 1850 Slave Schedules, the vast majority were not listed by name but rather numbered by age, sex, and color [Black or Mulatto] from the oldest to the youngest, all under the name of the slave owner. Whether or not the ancestor is found to have been a slaveholder, a viewing of the slave census will provide an informed The 1880 census does not contain nearly as much detail as those of the twentieth century. But many historians approached that data very skeptically. PLANTATION NAMES. In 1790, almost 51,000 people were enslaved in that county. Freed slaves, County? related terms such as African American, black, mulatto and colored are used as in the source or at The process of publication of slaveholder names beginning with larger slaveholders will enable naming of the holders Racially N. By his overseer, 108 slaves, Harris page 218, BRANCH, Wm. In many counties, the County Courts were primarily used to try freedmen. 15,653 whites, 173 "free colored" and 24,060 slaves. Sierra Leone: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia sense of the extent of slavery in the ancestral County, particularly for those who have never viewed a slave census. slaveholders. ELLIOTT: That's economic historian Susan Carter. If this is the case, you can use the same method as with the previous censuses to locate your ancestors in 1880. should be checked, as almost 11% of African Americans were enumerated as free in 1860, with Advertising Notice The records of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands are voluminous, focusing primarily on African Americans in the southern states. Other trial records may be integrated in the regular Superior Court minutes of other counties. You only have access to basic statistics. statistic alerts) please log in with your personal account. before.). Most counties have indices to grantor and grantee, also called direct and reverse. States that saw significant increases in colored population Check the County Records Microfilm Catalog under the name of the county and Superior Court Minutes. E., 28 slaves, Harris page 200B, THOMAS, Jos. It is possible to locate a free person on the Edgefield listed as having 15,993 whites, about a 2.5 times increase, while the 1960 total of 12,718 TERMINOLOGY. Even worse, during this period, many African Americanssome using surnames for the very first timechanged their surnames once or even several times. Because Kentucky did not secede from the Union, Kentucky slaves were freed by the ratification of the 13th Amendment. In 1840, the slave population reached its peak of nearly 59,000 people; by 1860, there were 37,000 enslaved people, Directly accessible data for 170 industries from 50 countries and over 1 million facts: Get quick analyses with our professional research service. Chart. However, the first consideration in accessing records is provenance, that is, the agency or person creating the document. SURNAME MATCHES AMONG AFRICAN AMERICANS ON 1870 CENSUS: (exact surname spellings only are reported, no spelling variations or soundex), SURNAME, # in US, in State, in County, born in State, born and living in State, born in State The holders on pages 375B through 427, were shown as in the Saluda Regiment, In 1840, the slave population reached its peak of nearly 59,000 people; by 1860, there were 37,000 enslaved people, just 63 percent as many slaves as two decades earlier. Please create an employee account to be able to mark statistics as favorites. Georgia Archives only has those microfilm publications which pertain to Georgia records. Researchers interested in the African-American experience in Georgia should be aware and look for the terms Colored and/or Negro.. M858. increases (from around 10% to 50%): Craven; Edgecombe; Granville, Mecklenberg; New Between 1860 and 1870, the North Carolina colored population increased by about 31,000, to Owner Franklinton NC, Wm . To check a master surname list for other States The last U.S. census slave schedules were State Records Executive Department (RG 1) Governors Letter Books, 1786-1897, RG 1-1-1: Among other subjects, these books indicate problems with the illegal importation of slaves and runaway slaves. Senegambia: The Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Senegal 13 August 1521: with the capture of King Cuahutemotzin by Hernan Corts and the fall of the city of Mexico, the Aztec empire is overthrown and Mexico comes under Spanish Rule. A.?, 26 slaves, Harris page 196, MOSES, Amanda, 25 slaves, Harris page 196B, NEAL, John owner Lousisburg NC, Wm. It's just a steady drumbeat of violent oppression. 1522. WebThe data collected are used to calculate the number of seats given to each state in the U.S. House of Representatives. including surname. If your ancestor does not appear in the 1850 or 1860 censuses, it is quite likely that he or she was enslaved during this time.Only by researching the owners records will you be able to locate information on your ancestor. Alabama, up 37,000 (8%); North Carolina, up 31,000 (8%); Florida, up 27,000 (41%); Ohio, up 26,000 (70%); Indiana, up acres or more, the largest size category enumerated in the census, and another 1,184 farms of had decreased about 1.8 % to 7,501. (Georgia Archives Microfilm #91/72). obtained using Heritage Quests CD African-Americans in the 1870 U.S. Federal Census, Apprenticeship/Indenture Registers, 1800-1930: These records primarily document freedmen, but also document whites, and may be integrated in Probate Court minutes or other records. advanced research techniques involving all obtainable records of the holder. Thos., 42 slaves, Harris page 206, DAVIS, Isaac, 26 slaves, Harris page 213B, DAVIS, John G., 66 slaves, Harris page 219, DAVIS, Wm. They assembled close to 2,000 tables on everything quantifiable in American history. BEASELEY, T. P. Agent, 65 slaves, page 381B, BONES, Jno. Taken every 10 years since 1790, census records provide a snapshot of the nation's population. Like Rome and the Sokoto caliphate, the South was totally transformed by the presence of slavery. 24,000 between 1860 and 1870, so possibly that is where some went, even though the overall (function(){var js = "window['__CF$cv$params']={r:'7c0a65c568d60071',m:'MhpALSZQcZAu2Fuzlo5nXUk5MSbEOm4kgqJvXIdPGeQ-1682968992-0-AarOA8GBEI1t1hUT9FbKuzOUbYmzmeEdepB/lFQyqBTt',u:'/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g'};_cpo=document.createElement('script');_cpo.nonce='',_cpo.src='/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/scripts/invisible.js',document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(_cpo);";var _0xh = document.createElement('iframe');_0xh.height = 1;_0xh.width = 1;_0xh.style.position = 'absolute';_0xh.style.top = 0;_0xh.style.left = 0;_0xh.style.border = 'none';_0xh.style.visibility = 'hidden';document.body.appendChild(_0xh);function handler() {var _0xi = _0xh.contentDocument || _0xh.contentWindow.document;if (_0xi) {var _0xj = _0xi.createElement('script');_0xj.nonce = '';_0xj.innerHTML = js;_0xi.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(_0xj);}}if (document.readyState !== 'loading') {handler();} else if (window.addEventListener) {document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', handler);} else {var prev = document.onreadystatechange || function () {};document.onreadystatechange = function (e) {prev(e);if (document.readyState !== 'loading') {document.onreadystatechange = prev;handler();}};}})(); RootsWeb is funded and supported by for consideration by those seeking to make connections between slaveholders and former slaves. Using plantation Agt., 40 slaves, page 402B, DOZIER, A. S. Nor can these maps express anything of the pain of the whip or the escape to freedom, of the exhaustion of labor or the sounds of preaching and shouting at a religious gathering: for that one must read any of scores of excellent histories. Furthermore, the constant use of racially-charged language to describe African Ancestors will bring the often-oppressive environment to life, easily discouraging sensitive researchers. MIGRATION OF FORMER SLAVES: According to U.S. Census data, the 1860 Franklin Data last accessed in August 2020. In South Carolina in 1860 there were 482 farms In the 1870 and 1880 U.S. Federal Censuses, African Americans were Taken every 10 years since 1790, census records provide a snapshot of the nation's population. Where did the freed slaves go if they did not stay in the same These owners accounted for 33% of the total number of enslaved people. Though the census schedules speak in terms of "slave owners", the transcriber has chosen to use the Also listed were the reported fugitive and manumitted (freed) slaves and the deaf, blind, insane, and idiotic slaves. Plantation names were not shown on the census. with one of these surnames is found on the 1870 census, then making the link to finding that ancestor as a slave requires And we might say, can we generalize? all. Check the County Records Microfilm Catalog under the name of the county and Ordinary records. In time the estate owners moved to England, and the sugar plantations were managed by sometimes unstable and unsavoury Europeans who, with the aid of Black overseers and drivers, controlled masses of slaves. Slave Importation Registers, 1800-1845, and Lists of Slaves: Affidavits of persons bringing slaves into the state, and lists or registers of slaves and slave owners. surname. Charleston County saw an increase in colored population of almost two thirds between 1860 If the surname is found, they can then view the Decd., E. Searls Admr. Using the 1880 census to identify families, The 1870 census: the first after emancipation, African Americans in the U.S. Federal Census, 1870-1890 - International Institute, The International Institute for Genealogical Studies, The International Institute of Genealogical Studies, National Archives and Records Administration, https://www.familysearch.org/en/wiki/index.php?title=African_Americans_in_the_U.S._Federal_Census,_1870-1890_-_International_Institute&oldid=5300326. 191, WILLIAMSON, Tempy, 72 slaves, Harris page 207B, YARBRO, Jas. The Coast Survey map of slavery was one of many maps drawn from data produced in 19th-century America. By the 1870 City Directories: Available mainly for Atlanta (1853-1990), but a few are available for other cities in Georgia. was a slave on the 1860 census, the free census for 1860 should be checked, as almost 11% of African Americans were Excluding slaves, the 1860 U.S. population was 27,167,529, with about 1 in 70 being a The 1860 U.S. Census was the last U.S. census showing slaves and slaveholders. Colorado, in 1885 (special federal census); Michigan, in 1884, 1888 (Union veterans), and 1894; New Mexico, in 1885 (federal territorial); Ohio, quadrennial censuses in 1883, 1887, 1891, 1895, and 1899 (availability varies by county); Oregon, in 1885 and 1895 (only a few counties survive); South Dakota, in 1885 (federal territorial) and 1895; Washington, in 1883, 1885, 1887, 1889, 1891, and 1892 (availability varies by county); This page was last edited on 27 April 2023, at 09:26. How many slaves were there in the United States by 1860? The unceasing spread of slavery provoked political crises, eventually leading to the Civil War. out of 7,000 free persons, held 20-30% of the total number of slaves in the U.S. Roll 1230) reportedly includes a total of 24,060 slaves, which ranks as the fourth highest total in the State and the sixth African American slaves were first enumerated in the U.S. Federal Census in 1850 in a separate census called Slave Schedules. almost non-existent. U.S. Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands: These are now indexed and available on Ancestry.com. It should be noted however, that in comparing census data Particularly in the case of Sutch and Carter tell Debbie Elliott what numbers reveal about literacy among freed slaves and the frequency of lynchings in the South. We're calling the series A Story Behind the Number. The sugar plantations were among the contemporary worlds largest and most profitable enterprises, paying about 10 percent on invested capital and on some occasions, such as in Barbados in the 1650s, as much as 40 to 50 percent. stamped in the upper right corner of every other page of the census, with the intervening pages If you are an admin, please authenticate by logging in again. " In other words, slavery was not the paternalist institution that its apologists made it out to be: it was an relentlessly exploitative system where the fundamental relation of owner to enslaved was defined by the markets. How Many of the Signers of the U.S. Constitution Were Enslavers? Owner Louisburg NC, Jesse Perry overseer,59 slaves, Galloway page and Counties, return to Home and Links Page. Cemeteries and Churches: The Archives has a variety of church records available in original format and on microfilm. Ms. CARTER: It's also a story that would be difficult to put together if you didn't have statistics, because while a family may have records or stories about the children teaching the parents, we know that these stories come from families that are atypical. Full-blooded siblings may bear different surnames, and they may be the same as either of the parents. Witheach county labeled with the exact percentage of people enslaved, the map demanded some closer examination. Adjutant Generals Office (RG 22) Georgia Army National Guard Miscellaneous Records, RG 22-1-10 [Note: These records are scattered throughout this section and do not appear in one single folder.] The collections are indexed by main entry, by geographic location, by subject, by chronological dates, and by the types of forms used (such as diaries, ledgers, etc.). can be viewed to see if there were smaller slaveholders with that surname. The 1860 U.S. Census was the last U.S. census showing slaves and It grew in intensity in places around the Chesapeake Bay, even as slavery was gradually abolished in the North. slightly lower because some large holders held slaves in more than one County and would have This WebSlaves names were not recorded in the U.S. Census until after the war, in 1870. Church minutes usually list members, and often indicate race and legal status (free or slave). available through Heritage Quest at. Maybe it wasn't as bad as people make it out to be. This animation shows the free African American population from 1790 to 1860. ", Slave Voyages, Estimated number of African slaves who were taken from various regions* of Africa during the transatlantic slave trade in each century from 1501 to 1866 Statista, https://www.statista.com/statistics/1150475/number-slaves-taken-from-africa-by-region-century/ (last visited May 01, 2023), Estimated number of African slaves who were taken from various regions* of Africa during the transatlantic slave trade in each century from 1501 to 1866 [Graph], Slave Voyages, January 1, 2020. of 1,543 slaveholders, and those slaveholders have not been included here. ELLIOTT: Richard Sutch and Susan Carter are editors-in-chief of Historical Statistics of the United States, which will be published this spring by Cambridge University Press. However, occasionally you will discover that your family underwent a name change between 1870 and 1880. Terms of Use ", 2023 Smithsonian Magazine Records description has been ongoing since 1918, and headings have changed over time with changing social and professional standards. enumerated in 1860 without giving their names, only their sex and age and indication of any handicaps, such as deaf or blind records of the holder. was listed as having 6,581 whites, only about 42% of the 1860 figure, and the 1960 total of 9,153 "Negroes"was only about lots of duplication of plantation names. WebThe last column shows the what percentage of the total U.S. population were enslaved. 5 Rolls. Ancestry.com also has an online collection of directories for 17 cities in Georgia. If the Archives does not have the city or time period in which you are interested, be sure to check at the local public library. County population included 6,465 whites, 566 free colored and 7,076 slaves. In September of 1861, the U.S. Coast Survey published a large map, approximately two feet by three feet, titled a "Map showing the distribution of the slave population of the southern states of the United States." The directories have been scanned and indexed and are searchable by name, date, and location. WebThe 1860 U.S. Census was the last U.S. census showing slaves and slaveholders. A statistic about the literacy of freed slaves recently came to our attention. Overseer, 63 slaves, Harris page 194B, NICHOLSON, Lucind F., 21 slaves, Franklinton page 182B, PERRY, A. S. Owner Louisburg NC, 72 slaves, Galloway page 190B, PERRY, Allen C., 25 slaves, Galloway page 187, PERRY, Burnel, 32 slaves, Harris page 214, PERRY, Charles, 33 slaves, Harris page 210, PERRY, Couvina?, 42 slaves, Harris page 218B, PERRY, Dr. A. S., 66 slaves, Harris page 206B, PERRY, Dr. Samuel, 37 slaves, Harris page 215B, PERRY, Dr. A. S., 88 slaves, Harris page 204B, PERRY, Joshua?, 45 slaves, Harris page 215, PERRY, Lucy B., 21 slaves, Harris page 205B, PERRY, Ruston?, 24 slaves, Harris page 197, PERRY, Solomon, 21 slaves, Harris page 205, PERRY, Willie owner Louisburg NC, James Strange overseer, 73 slaves, Galloway page 190, PERRYDr. transcriber has chosen to use the term slaveholder rather than slave owner, so that questions To learn more about this course or other courses available from the Institute, see our website. WebThe 1870 census was the first census to provide detailed information on the African American population, only five years after the culmination of the Civil War when slaves the first page number on which they were listed. The researcher should keep in mind that many churches in Georgia had both white and black members, and in some cases, slaves and/or freedmen were not allowed to have a separate church body. The birthplace of each individuals parents is also important, as it will help to establish migration routes. Plantation names were not shown on the census. Linking names of plantations in this County with the names of the large holders The data in my maps is drawn from the 1790 to 1860 Censuses compiled by the Minnesota Population Center, [National Historical Geographic Information System], version 2.0 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 2011). But Harvey Amani Whitfield has shown that some Vermont African Americans were held in bondage. The authoritative record of NPRs programming is the audio record. The best-known slave societies were those of the circum-Caribbean world. Cookie Policy 10 Rolls. Cotton could be grown profitably on smaller plots than could sugar, with the result that in 1860 the average cotton plantation had only about 35 slaves, not all of whom produced cotton. census, because published indexes almost always do not include the slave census. An excellent snapshot of schools within the county in any given year. National Archives and Records Administration in Washington, D.C. But what's in a statistic? Privacy Statement Of this number 2,572 (71%) owned 5 or less. Facebook: quarterly number of MAU (monthly active users) worldwide 2008-2022, Quarterly smartphone market share worldwide by vendor 2009-2022, Number of apps available in leading app stores Q3 2022, Profit from additional features with an Employee Account. The enumerated, out of a total of 3,950,546 slaves, and the transcriber, though not specifically looking 5 Roles (Georgia Archives Microfilm #231 /1-5) This microfilm publication reproduces the seven volumes (eight bound parts) of records compiled for publication by the Colored Troops Division of the Adjutant Generals Office. It is the first census to name all former slaves. WebWhile 11 to 12 million people are estimated to have been exported as slaves from West Africa during the years of the slave trade, millions more were retained in Africa. enumerated by County in 1860 and included 393,975 named persons holding 3,950,546 unnamed slaveholders with 1870 African Americans is intended merely as suggesting another possibility for R. Young for, 23 slaves, Harris page 193B, YOUNG, Bryant, 24 slaves, Harris page 194. colored population in South Carolina remained about the same in 1870 as it was in 1860. Also available Available on Ancestry.com. WebThe best-known slave societies were those of the circum-Caribbean world. As Abraham Lincoln put it in is 1858 "House Divided" speech: "Either the opponents of slavery, will arrest the further spread of it, and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of ultimate extinction; or its advocates will push it forward, till it shall become alike lawful in all the States, old as well as new, North as well as South.". 1870 U.S. Census - Calvin Kelly household - Enlarged 1870 U.S. Census, Navarro County, Texas, population schedule, Beat 1, Corsicana post office, page 1, dwelling 3, family 3, Calvin Kelly household; digital images, Ancestry.com; citing NARA microfilm publication M593, FS Library Film roll 1600. Franklin County, included the following: Georgia, up 80,000 (17%); Texas, up 70,000 (38%); This schedule will help by identifying the details of your ancestors military service. The transcriber did not notice any such slaves in the course of Deceased, 72 slaves, page 426B. African American descendants of persons who were enslaved in Edgefield County, South Carolina in 1860, if they have an separate list of the surnames of the holders with information on numbers of African Americans on the 1870 census who were The free African American population settled primarily along the Eastern seaboard and especially in the cities of the northern United States. idea of the surname of the slaveholder, can check this list for the surname. More than 36 percent of all the New World slaves in 1825 were in the southern United States. The last column shows the what percentage of the total U.S. population were enslaved. census, the white population had increased about 2.5% to 6,633, while the colored population That's a lynching every week, more than once a week. And by 1900 you find a much, much higher level of literacy rate amongst the black population than was ever before measured in this country. The page numbers used are the rubber stamped numbers in The total population included 3,953,762 slaves. if listed in the next census, in 1870, would have been reported with their full name, including (As a side note, by 1960, 100 years later, the County At the beginning of the 1600s, enslaved people for the Trans-Atlantic slave trade were captured in Senegambia and the Windward Coast. You should try to use other records to corroborate the presumed relationship, but the census may be the only evidence you can locate. In 1850, the slave census was also separate from the free census, but in earlier years it was a part of the free (function(){var js = "window['__CF$cv$params']={r:'7c0a643818ab15e0',m:'F_7uB9IJtzGtz24h_rJ85qgBO_ANPQKAhCHEH8xs2DY-1682968928-0-Aao502NfAiDPXYlKJkXl/3cpDwtAz+88HUxzrgcuzHeY',u:'/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g'};_cpo=document.createElement('script');_cpo.nonce='',_cpo.src='/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/scripts/invisible.js',document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(_cpo);";var _0xh = document.createElement('iframe');_0xh.height = 1;_0xh.width = 1;_0xh.style.position = 'absolute';_0xh.style.top = 0;_0xh.style.left = 0;_0xh.style.border = 'none';_0xh.style.visibility = 'hidden';document.body.appendChild(_0xh);function handler() {var _0xi = _0xh.contentDocument || _0xh.contentWindow.document;if (_0xi) {var _0xj = _0xi.createElement('script');_0xj.nonce = '';_0xj.innerHTML = js;_0xi.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(_0xj);}}if (document.readyState !== 'loading') {handler();} else if (window.addEventListener) {document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', handler);} else {var prev = document.onreadystatechange || function () {};document.onreadystatechange = function (e) {prev(e);if (document.readyState !== 'loading') {document.onreadystatechange = prev;handler();}};}})(); RootsWeb is funded and supported by

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